Summary of Hannah Arendts Ideology and Terror a Novel...

In her excerpt Ideology and Terror: A Novel Form of Government from her book The Origins of Totalitarianism, Hannah Arendt reveals that terror is at the core of a totalitarian government, and that this terror is based upon ideology. This type of terror exceeds fear. Totalitarianism dominated many governments during the twentieth century. Unlike other forms of government that oppress its people; a totalitarian form of government escapes the boundaries of definition. A totalitarian government is commonly mistaken as a tyranny or dictatorship. Arendt explains that this is because it must begin as a tyranny to lift the boundaries of the laws. Arendt uses two particular governments as examples to help clarify the nature of a†¦show more content†¦Arendt explains that the ultimate power of a totalitarian government is the acceptance of the ideology being propagated. The laws that are put into place in totalitarian government are not to empower the people and protect their rights. Instead, the laws tell the people what they must do, not what they must not do. Arendt tells how the law of nature is the foundation for Hitlers Nazis, and the law of history for Russias communist regimes. According to Arendt, both the Nazi and communist regimes maintained that those laws gave them justification for their cruelty. These laws of nature and history are not permanent or stable. They are in motion to keep history and nature moving, so that it progresses without ever stopping. pArendt claims that these laws of motion sustain the terror fueling the totalitarian government. Arendt says that terror is the realization and execution of these laws with nothing standing in its way. Throughout the selection, Arendt speaks of terror. Terror is essential for the state to keep its power, or else it will fall. According to Arendt, in a totalitarian state terror terminates individuality among the people. Individual men become a mass of humankind, in the eyes of the state. Terror exists neither for nor against men, claims Arendt, it substitutes for the boundaries and channels of communication between individual men a band of iron which holds them so tightly

The Only Disability On Life Is Having A Bad Attitude Essay

â€Å"The only disability on life is having a bad attitude†- Scott Hamilton (BrainyQuote, 2015) According to the findings in the United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities in 2008, disability results from the interaction between impairments and attitudinal and environmental barriers that hinders their full effective participation in society on an equal basis with others. As mentioned in the above quote the only disability in life is having a bad attitude, this can be seen in the way in which people with disabilities interact within society and how that interaction affects their occupational form. The models of disability can best describe this impact. Models of Disability The Traditional Model of Disability The traditional model of disability focuses on the aspect of culture and the role of culture in a person’s life. Culture can be best described by a unique and original set of guidelines if you will that a person of a particular group in society or members of a cluster of beliefs, this grouping of people will share similar views on the world and react to different aspects in society in a similar behavior. The traditional model of disability can be divided into two main categories; natural causes of disability and supernatural causes of disability. Natural causes of disability are defines as the disabilities that everyone is susceptible to and they are an expected part of life. An example of this would be; The Nguni people of Southern Africa referShow MoreRelatedThe Stigma Of Invisible Disabilities. Invisible Disabilities1650 Words   |  7 PagesThe Stigma of Invisible Disabilities Invisible disabilities are exactly what they seem to be: hidden from view. Invisible disabilities come in almost endless varieties, including mental illnesses, HIV, AIDS, diabetes, learning disabilities, epilepsy, and more. While there may be visible components to these disabilities, all of them can be virtually invisible and â€Å"hidden† from view. People often make assumptions based on what is visibly seen, so when someone is suffering from something invisibleRead MoreInclusion Is The Educational Practice Of Educating Children With Disabilities819 Words   |  4 PagesInclusion is the educational practice of educating children with disabilities in the classroom with children without disabilities. In the past, people believed that children with disabilities were not capable of learning. This thought process hindered children with disabilities from being included in the general education population. After the ruling of Brown v Board of Education, families with children with disabilities began to fight for the rights of their children. Various families believed thatRead Morepotential links between social inequalities and the health of the population1721 Words   |  7 PagesThese are a few potential links between social inequalities and the health of the population: income and wealth distribution, unemployment, the ageing society, gender and health, mental illness and suicide and disability and dysfunction. I am going to discuss each of these and see the health impact on people in each group. Income and wealth distribution: comparing the differences in levels of income and wealth between different social groups help measure inequalities in society. The income is aRead MoreAnalysis Of John Steinbeck s Of Mice And Men 950 Words   |  4 PagesEnglish 10 Application Mental disabilitesy often cause disturbing or disruptives very false behavior. In the novella, Of Mice and Men, by John Steinbeck, two migrant workers, named George and Lennie, find work at a ranch, and Lennie, who has having a mental disability, causes numerous problemsincidents of trouble. When Lennie kills the wife of a worker on the ranch named Curley, Steinbeck shows how that shapes the story through George, Lennie himself, and a few other ranch workers. To begin with, GeorgeRead MoreIs Abortion A Bad Thing?1357 Words   |  6 Pagesunlike spontaneous abortion, induced abortion is the abortion because of the human factor, and it has been a huge ethical issue in today’s society. While there are lots of debates about whether abortion is doable, in the Buddhist view, abortion is a bad thing. First of all, by nature, fetus, or embryo has the same status as a baby and even an adult in the Buddhist sense. There’re some descriptions in the fifty-sixth volumes of MahÄ ratnakÃ… «Ã¡ ¹ ­a-sÃ… «tra of the process how a bardo, the state after death andRead MoreThe Pregnancy Of A Foetus Diagnosed With Down Syndrome1610 Words   |  7 Pages Discuss the challenges facing parents today in deciding to terminate or continue with the pregnancy of a foetus diagnosed with Down Syndrome. Introduction Having a child comes with not only positive experiences, but also pressure and other adjustment matters. If you are told that your unborn child is diagnosed with Down Syndrome, your perspectives and concerns may change significantly. Known as a genetic disorder that is estimated to occur in 1 out of every 650- 1000 live births (Bittles GlassonRead More My Disabled Brother Essay examples797 Words   |  4 PagesMy Brother What I consider to be the single most important event of my life occurred in November. That was the day my very non-typical baby brother came into my life and forever changed my view. My brother Russ is a crucial part of my being and in many ways has helped to shape my life. Russ began life with almost complete deafness and remained in his silent world until the age of three. He has also been diagnosed with an Attention Deficit Disorder, Visual Perception Deficiencies, and motorRead MoreThe Reality Of The Disabled1718 Words   |  7 PagesThe misconceptions about people who have disabilities and the sexuality of these people are what is sometimes the most disturbing in society. In the mainstream of society the disabled person is not viewed as a sexually capable person. Society has produced pictures and perceptions that are not conclusive with the actual state of sexuality within the disabled world of dating. It is easily noticed in the media and movies, as romantic roles are rarely given to the disabled, further making the perceptionsRead MoreCultural Background Of A Child With Special Needs Essay1644 Words   |  7 Pagesplays in their family. She discussed some of the influences Daniel has on family identity, interactions within the family, how the family functions, and how they progress differently through some of the family life cycle stages than a family without a child with a disability might. Having a child with special needs is the family’s focus the majority of the time. This certainly doesn’t hinder, and might even help, the Anderson family to be hugely family orientated. When asked what one of their family’sRead MoreResearch Study On Homeless People With Disability1182 Words   |  5 Pagesanalyzing the data. The data set consisted of a total of 86 variables. In the study there are eighty six variables included in SPSS. In this research study the Homeless People with Disability is the respondent. The findings of this study are discussed in this chapter. Demographical Profile Homeless people with disability residing in the Shivaji Nagar, govandi, chembur, cheeta camp, lallubhai compound, R.C.F marg which is located in M East ward of Mumbai were interviewed for collecting data. A purposive

Software Defined Networking (SDN)

Question: Discuss about the Essay for Software Defined Networking (SDN)? Answer: Introduction: The paper describes the function of a multiplexer in a data communication network. The assignment discusses in detail three important points; Difference between various forms of multiplexers, the multiplexing involved in different levels of OSI model of a network, the reasons for using a particular form of the multiplexer in the system. The first point discusses the difference between analog and a digital multiplexer as well as three special types of multiplexing; FDM, WDM and TDM. The second point explains the use of multiplexer in the seven layers of the OSI model. Moreover, the last point of the paper discusses the application of the particular type of multiplexer in the layers of the network. Multiplexer and its Variants: The multiplexer can be defined as a switch that takes multiple inputs and returns single output. The multiplexer can take both analog and digital type of information and convert it into a single output. The two most crucial features of the multiplexer are data selection as well as amplification. The multiplexer can select particular data lines to send output (Stacey, 2015). The transmission conductors for the multiplexer can be copper wire or optical fiber cable in a network. The multiplexer can amplify the transmitted data or information in a range of a particular bandwidth and time. The two primary type of multiplexer is analog and digital. Fig 1. Multiplexer in a network (Source: Industrialnetworking.com, 2016) Various form of multiplexer: Analog multiplexer transmits analog signal using its input lines. The analog multiplexing is further divided in FDM and WDM (Diab Powell, 2015). FDM: This type of analog multiplexing works with the various range of frequency and modulates the frequencies to combine in a single output frequency. The bandwidth ranges of the channels segregate the different range of frequencies. The unused bandwidth or the guard bands can overcome the overlapping of input signals (Giles et al., 2014). The frequency range for FDM or frequency division multiplexing is 80-108 MHz where each channel uses approximately 700MHz of frequency. The disadvantage of FDM is the need of the analog filter, which has a problem of phase error. Moreover, analog signals work on limited frequency range and the amplifiers for this type of multiplexing are complex and linear ( Willner, 2015). Fig 2. FDM (Source: Historyofcomputercommunications.info, 2016) WDM: The wavelength division multiplexing is based on the wavelength of the light. The data signal transmitted by the multiplexer depends on the principle of prism and light beam. The transmission lines of the multiplexer use the fiber optics for data transmission (Xia et al., 2015). The WDM is similar to the FDM but is based on the wavelength of the light, which is reciprocal of the frequency. Fig 3. WDM (Source: precisionopticaltransceivers, 2016) The digital multiplexer transmits the digital signals over the transmission channel. Time division multiplexing is a type of digital multiplexing. TDM: This kind of multiplexing combines data streams with different time slots in a frame. The signals are arranged sequentially. The number of data lines is equivalent to the number of timeslots. For n numbers of data lines, the TDM creates n time slots. TDM can be further divided into Synchronous as well as asynchronous TDM (Amaya et al., 2014). Synchronous TDM: In this type of multiplexing, the time slot is selected same for all the data slots for data transmission. The digital signal transmission is comparatively simpler than the analog signal transmission. However, this kind of multiplexing is the wastage of bandwidth. Asynchronous TDM: This type of multiplexing is also known as statistical TDM. This is a flexible way of multiplexing and the time is allocated to the slot, which wants to transmit data. The bandwidth wastage problem of the synchronous TDM is overcome in this case (Sasaki et al., 2015). The TDM tags each frame with an ID number for its device thus increasing the processing of the multiplexer but the efficient utilization of bandwidth is the primary advantage of its use. Fig 4. TDM (Source: Gordostuff.com, 2015) SDM: The space division multiplexing uses a point-to-point or series connection between electrical conductors for data transmission (Feuer et al., 2013). This type of multiplexing is suitable for the multi-node cables as well as other network topologies like star or mesh network. For the wireless communication, the multiplexing uses phased array antenna for MIMO, SIMO or MISO type of data transmission. Fig 5. SDM (Source: Ustudy.in, 2016) The other principal types of multiplexing include DWDM, OFDM, and ROADM, etc. The DWDM or the dense wavelength division multiplexing depends on the expanded bandwidth of fiber optics technique. With the advantages of bit rate and protocol independence, this type of multiplexing can transmit data in various kinds of channel like IP, SONET, and Ethernet, etc. The OFDM can transmit perpendicular subcarrier signals over parallel channels (Leigh Weidele , 2013). This kind of multiplexing can deal with channel issues like attenuation, interference, etc. as this works with slowly modulated narrowband signals. ROADM is a kind of add -drop multiplier that depends on the WDM and can choose, pass or redirect its kind of signal (light beams or infrared) for data transmission. Multiplexing and OSI layers: Multiplexing is the procedure of combining multiple signals like wavelength, timeslot or frequency and sending the signal over the channel to its receiver. Some layers of the OSI network model supports the Multiplexing as data transmission is an important option for the networking (Walker et al., 2013). The lowest layer of the OSI model or the physical layer includes the hardware part of the networking like cables, Ethernet as well as other equipment for the data transmission. The second lowest layer or the data link layer are divided into two sub-layers media access control and logical link control for the data framing, synchronization as well as the data flow control. The physical layer supports FDM for high speed of data transfer. The multiplexing in the physical layer is known as the circuit level multiplexing (Richardson et al., 2013). The AIM and BONDING protocols are used for this type of multiplexing where data streams are distributed over available circuits as well as the eq uipment (Mori et al., 2015). Moreover, the data link layer is the connection between the physical and network layer of the OSI model. The LLC sub layer of the data link control uses multiplexing/demultiplexing to combine the L3 protocols like IP, IPX as well as AppleTalk for multipoint network connection. The other sub layer or the Mac layer implements the collision resolution protocols like CSMA, CSMA/CD in half or full duplex mode using the same multiplexing technique ( Dendy et al., 2016). The network layer of the OSI model is responsible for the switching and routing techniques for data transmission. The packet, as well as the frame of data, is passed through this layer. The network layer deals with the control of the overall system. The network layer also uses the firewall and another security mechanism for the data security (Helms Brooks, 2014). This layer uses packet level multiplexing technique with MP and MPP protocols. The layer sends multiple packets over the different channel for the multiplexing. Moreover, the network layer uses TDM for digital data transmission as well as some unique multiplexing techniques like ROADM for adding, bypassing, blocking as the requirement of data transmission. The layer 4 or the transport layer works on the data flow control as well as error recovery (Bozinovic et al., 2013). SPX, TCP as well as UDP are the protocols used in the network layer. The transport layer is responsible for the huge amount of data transfer. Therefore, t he multiplexing technique like FDM for analog and TDM is used for data frame as well as packet transmission. The asynchronous TDM is the useful technique for multiplexing the required information in the transport layer. The network layer also uses the inverse multiplexing technique for slow data stream transmission. The next layer or the session layer establishes a connection between two applications. The maintenance, as well as the termination of the session, is also dependent on the session layer. The layer 5 depends on the application connection like NetBIOS, NFS, RPC as well as the database like SQL, etc. The synchronization of data streams overcomes the issues of data loss or data hiding in the network. As the session, layer deals with the session of the used applications multiplexing of the data and information use a particular type (Ciurana et al., 2014). The multiplexing is known as Session multiplexing. The session multiplexing is used in both means of transport as well as the session layer. This kind of multiplexing deals with the application type like a single computer with a particular IP address opens multiple web pages in the internet browser. The other application multiplexing includes the backend database connection to the internet browser. The various WebPages can be updated usi ng the stored procedures in the single interface of database like MYSQL, SQL Server, etc. The sixth layer of the OSI network model is the presentation layer. The presentation layer converts the different data types in a mode that are receivable by the application layer or the topmost layer of the OSI model. The conversion mechanism includes encryption as well as other cryptographic techniques etc. The compression as well as the decompression techniques also are used in the sixth layer of the network model (Mori et al., 2015). The presentation layer multiplexing includes combining multiple data streams into a single file and transmitting it to the top layer or the application layer. The topmost or the seventh layer of the OSI model of the network receives the data from the presentation layer. The working of the Application layer includes remote file and server access, internal process communication, mail and directory services as well as the virtual as well as the network management. The network software service, email services are included in the working of the layer (Helms Brooks, 2014). The protocols like Telnet, FTP are used in the application layer of the OSI network model. The term application layer multiplexing means sending multiple emails and attachments to a single user. The CDM or code division multiplexing is used in the application layer. Particular form of multiplexer in a network: The primary function of a multiplexer is to combine multiple data lines or signals to produce the single data lines or output. The networks are consist of seven (OSI) or four layers (TCP/IP), but the applications of the network layers in the different model are nearly same. However, the OSI is stood on its seven layers; the underlying layers are same; physical, network, application and internet layer. The type of multiplexing is based on the function of the particular tier. In the physical, layer the circuit/ hardware base multiplexing is suitable. In the case of network layer the packet, based multiplexing can be used considering the layer of protocols on the network interface. The application layer should use streamline multiplexing for data packets as well as the data frame (Ciurana et al., 2014). The internet layer is linked with network layer to use both data stream and packet multiplexing. Conclusion: The assignment discusses on the topic of different type of multiplexer as well as the multiplexing techniques. The type of multiplexers includes analog and digital types of multiplexers as well as other variations like OFDM, DWDM etc. The analog types include the frequency division and wave division multiplexing and the digital multiplexing include the time division multiplexing. The TDM is further divided into Synchronous as well as Asynchronous multiplexing. The paper also explains the multiplexing used in the seven layers of the OSI model. The OSI layers define the multiplexing in each layer depending on the functionality of individual layers. The seven layers based on its nature have some particular multiplexing like circuit, packet, inverse multiplexing etc. Moreover, the last part of the paper includes the special type of multiplexer used in the network and the reasons behind the utilization of that kind of MUX in the network model. References: Amaya, N., Yan, S., Channegowda, M., Rofoee, B. R., Shu, Y., Rashidi, M., ... Simeonidou, D. (2014). Software defined networking (SDN) over space division multiplexing (SDM) optical networks: features, benefits and experimental demonstration.Optics express,22(3), 3638-3647. Bozinovic, N., Yue, Y., Ren, Y., Tur, M., Kristensen, P., Huang, H., ... Ramachandran, S. (2013). Terabit-scale orbital angular momentum mode division multiplexing in fibers.Science,340(6140), 1545-1548. Ciurana, A., Martinez-Mateo, J., Peev, M., Poppe, A., Walenta, N., Zbinden, H., Martin, V. (2014). Quantum metropolitan optical network based on wavelength division multiplexing.Optics express,22(2), 1576-1593. Dendy, S. W., Zheng, H., Price, P. A. (2016).U.S. Patent No. 9,231,984. Washington, DC: U.S. Patent and Trademark Office. Diab, W. W., Powell, S. (2015).U.S. Patent No. 9,008,129. Washington, DC: U.S. Patent and Trademark Office. Feuer, M. D., Nelson, L. E., Abedin, K. S., Zhou, X., Taunay, T. F., Fini, J. F., ... Marom, D. M. (2013, March). ROADM system for space division multiplexing with spatial superchannels. InNational Fiber Optic Engineers Conference(pp. PDP5B-8). Optical Society of America. Giles, I., Chen, R., Garcia-Munoz, V. (2014, March). Fiber based multiplexing and demultiplexing devices for few mode fiber space division multiplexed communications. InOptical Fiber Communication Conference(pp. Tu3D-1). Optical Society of America. Helms, W. L., Brooks, P. D. (2014).U.S. Patent No. 8,699,530. Washington, DC: U.S. Patent and Trademark Office. Leigh, W. E., Weidele, K. R. (2013).U.S. Patent No. 8,572,528. Washington, DC: U.S. Patent and Trademark Office. Mori, T., Sakamoto, T., Wada, M., Yamamoto, T., Hanzawa, N., Yamamoto, F. (2015, March). Equipartition multiplexing technique for equalizing channel dependent degradation in MDM transmission. InOptical Fiber Communication Conference(pp. Tu2D-2). Optical Society of America. Richardson, D. J., Fini, J. M., Nelson, L. E. (2013). Space-division multiplexing in optical fibres.Nature Photonics,7(5), 354-362. Sasaki, Y., Uemura, H., Takenaga, K., Nishimoto, S., Uematsu, T., Omichi, K., ... Saitoh, K. (2015, February). Multicore fiber-based mode multiplexer/demultiplexer. InSPIE OPTO(pp. 938905-938905). International Society for Optics and Photonics. Stacey, R. J. (2015).U.S. Patent No. 9,112,892. Washington, DC: U.S. Patent and Trademark Office. Walker, G. K., Collins, B., Wingert, C. R., Subrahmanyam, J. N., Wang, M. M. (2014).U.S. Patent Application No. 14/282,958. Willner, A. E. (2015, June). Orbital-Angular-Momentum Multiplexing for High-Capacity Free-Space Optical Communications. InApplications of Lasers for Sensing and Free Space Communications(pp. LTh1C-1). Optical Society of America. Xia, M., Skubic, B., Dahlfort, S. (2015).U.S. Patent No. 9,100,138. Washington, DC: U.S. Patent and Trademark Office.